Structural adhesive systems have been formulated to bond trusses, joists, shear walls, headers, studs and cantilevered beams.

Today’s structural adhesives are formulated to withstand severe shock, peel and impact forces. They bear heavy loads and provide high shear strength, durability, and toughness, as well as excellent chemical and temperature resistance. These adhesives can absorb energy and undergo large deformation without rupturing. They can improve product performance and aesthetics, reduce overall assembly time, optimize production efficiency, increase quality and lower costs.

Manufacturers are increasingly using structural adhesives to replace or augment rivets, bolts, welds and other traditional fastening methods. Design engineers are now specifying structural adhesives to assemble wind blades, commercial furniture, appliances, heavy-duty construction and agricultural vehicles, automobiles, buses, hot tubs, electric motors, boats, loudspeakers, signs/displays, machine tools, and more.

Why Adhesives?

Today’s structural adhesives are formulated to withstand severe shock, peel and impact forces.

Structural adhesives offer many benefits over mechanical fasteners or thermal methods of assembly such as welding, brazing and soldering. Adhesives distribute an even stress load over an area, reducing stress on joints. Adhesives are applied inside the joint and are nearly invisible within the assembly. They can resist flex and vibration stresses, and will form both a seal and a bond to protect joints from corrosion. Some adhesives can fill large gaps. They join irregularly shaped surfaces, minimally increase the weight of an assembly, create virtually no change in part dimensions or geometry, and quickly and easily bond dissimilar substrates and heat-sensitive materials.

Since adhesives are liquids prior to curing, assembly can be easily automated. By using the proper dispensing and curing equipment, manufacturers can achieve a very strong end product with an aesthetically pleasing and neat appearance. Bonding requires fewer skilled workers and can be 20 times faster than welding. Excess adhesive can be removed prior to the painting process — a significant advantage over grinding and abrading to generate a smooth welded finish.

Structural Adhesive Technologies

A fast-fixturing structural acrylic adhesive that offers excellent impact and peel resistance on aluminum completely replaced rivets on both the front and rear exterior walls in this beverage trailer assembly application.

Structural adhesive technologies include epoxies, acrylics, methylmethacrylates (MMAs), modified silanes and polyurethanes. These adhesive technologies provide tough, durable bonds on metals, plastics, composites and ceramics.

Advances in structural adhesive technology have dramatically expanded the scope of potential bonding applications for these materials:

• Over time, traditional structural adhesives lose strength on certain substrates, such as galvanized steel, as zinc coatings would eventually delaminate the bond. New structural adhesive technologies provide such long-term durability on zinc-coated substrates that they are now being used to assemble pre-fabricated building components, such as trusses, joists, shear walls, headers, studs and cantilevered beams.
• Certain new structural adhesives actually increase in strength from their initial cured state when exposed to elevated temperatures. These adhesives also withstand vibration better than mechanical fasteners. In applications such as electric-motor manufacturing, where the end product operates at elevated temperatures and experiences strong vibration, structural adhesives offer distinct advantages over mechanical fasteners.
• In industries where products are getting smaller with each new generation, manufacturers must design for impact and temperature resistance. Structural adhesives used on portable speakers or small electronics, for example, must cure rapidly, exhibit high impact resistance, and withstand the elevated temperatures that are the result of tighter operating spaces.
• Fast-fixturing structural adhesives can increase processing speeds, reduce work-in-process and eliminate mechanical fastener inventories.
• Structural adhesive can withstand the range of environmental conditions an assembly may see during its useful life, including humidity, salt exposure, high temperatures, chemicals and vibration. Structural adhesives can also withstand welding, phosphate pickling, autopheretic and powder coating processes while maintaining strength.
• Some new structural adhesive technologies are designed to bite through surface oils and contaminants, eliminating the need for surface preparation and activators. For difficult-to-bond substrates such as polyolefin plastics, new structural adhesives bond exceptionally well without the need for primer or surface treatment.

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To meet the needs of most applications, structural adhesives can be formulated to deliver processing and performance benefits. For example, adhesives are available as one-part no-mix or two-part mix systems. Cure can take place under ambient room temperature conditions or at elevated temperatures in cure ovens. For high-speed assembly, there are fast-curing adhesives. For applications requiring part adjustment and alignment, adhesives with long work lives are available. High-, medium- and low-viscosity formulations can fill large gaps or provide thin, virtually invisible bond lines.

The Table shows available structural adhesive technologies, their benefits, limitations and general performance capabilities. These adhesive technologies provide tough, durable bonds on a larger variety of substrates than in the past, including metals, plastics, composites and ceramics.

For more information, visit www.henkel.com.